medical terminology

[mohammad qasaimeh]

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E. coli

E. coli: Short for Escherichia coli, the colon bacillus, a bacterium that normally resides in the human colon. E. coli has been studied intensively in genetics and molecular and cell biology because of its availability, its small genome size, its normal lack of pathogenicity (disease-causing ability), and its ease of growth in the laboratory.
Most strains of E coli are quite harmless. However, some strains of E. coli are capable of causing disease, sometimes disease of deadly proportions. For example, an outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 bacteria in the water supply hit Walkerton, Ontario in the year 2000; the E. coli affected about 2,000 people in and around Walkerton and were responsible for the deaths of some 18 people.
E. coli 0157:H7 is a major health problem. About 20,000 cases of hemorrhagic (bloody) colitis (inflammation of the bowel) due to E. coli 0157:H7 occur each year in the U.S. E coli O157:H7 produces toxins (poisons). The toxins produced by E. coli 0157:H7 can damage the lining of the intestine and are thought to participate in all of the diseases caused by E. coli 0157:H7.
The hemorrhagic diarrhea (bloody colitis) caused by E. coli 0157:H7 is severe with painful abdominal cramps, gross blood in the stool, and lasts for 6 to 8 days. Children with E. coli 0157:H7 can develop a disease called the hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), a major and sometimes fatal "Hemolytic" refers to the breakup of red blood cells. This leads to anemia and a shortage of platelets (thrombocytopenia) which causes abnormal bleeding. "Uremic" refers to the acute kidney failure. Central nervous system problems with seizures and coma can also occur. HUS is the most common cause of acute kidney failure in infants and young children.

Persons who get E. coli 0157:H7, particularly the elderly, can develop a syndrome similar to HUS called thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) with anemia due to fragmentation of red blood cells, shortage of platelets (thrombocytopenia) with easy bruising, neurologic abnormalities, impaired kidney function, and fever. Most commonly, E. coli 01257:H7 comes from eating raw or under*****d ground beef (hamburger) or from drinking raw milk or contaminated water. Less commonly, E coli O157:H7 can be transmitted from one person to another.
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[mohammad qasaimeh]

[align=center] <H1 id=firstHeading class=firstHeading>Choroid plexus


The choroid plexus (from Latin: chorion - delicate, plexus knot) is the area on the ventricles of the brain where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by modified ependymal cells

Choroid plexus is present in all components of the ventricular system except for the cerebral aqueduct and the occipital and frontal horns of the lateral ventricles.
It is found in the superior part of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricles. It follows up along this boundary, continuous with the inferior of the body of the lateral ventricles. It passes into the interventricular foramen, and is present at the top of the third ventricle.
There is also choroid plexus on the fourth ventricle, on the section closest to the bottom half of the cerebellum

The choroid plexus (CP) consists of many capillaries, separated from the ventricles by choroid epithelial cells. Liquid filters through these cells from blood to become cerebrospinal fluid. There is also much active transport of substances into, and out of, the CSF as it is made.
There are four choroid plexus in the brain, one in each of the ventricles. The CP consist of a layer of cuboidal epithelial cells surrounding a core of capillaries and loose connective tissue. The CP epithelial layer is continuous with the ependymal cell layer that lines the ventricles, but unlike the ependyma the CP epithelial layer has tight junctions in between the cells on the side facing the ventricle (apical surface). These tight junctions prevent the majority of substances from crossing the cell layer into the CSF; thus the CP acts as a blood-CSF barrier. The CP folds into many villi around each capillary, creating frond-like processes that project into the ventricles. The villi, along with a brush border of microvilli, greatly increases the surface area of the CP. CSF is formed as plasma is filtered from the blood through the epithelial cells. CP epithelial cells actively transport sodium, chloride and bicarbonate ions into the ventricles and water follows the resulting osmotic gradient.
In addition to CSF production, the CP act as a filtration system, removing ****bolic waste, foreign substances, and excess neurotransmitters from the CSF. In this way the CP have a very important role in helping to maintain the delicate extracellular environment required by the brain to function optimally


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[mohammad qasaimeh]

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ciliary ganglion

The ciliary ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion located in the posterior orbit. It measures 1–2 millimeters in diameter and contains approximately 2,500 neurons.[1] Preganglionic axons from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus form synapses with these cells. The postganglionic axons run in the short ciliary nerves and innervate two eye muscles

Three types of nerve fibers run through the ciliary ganglion: parasympathetic fibers, sympathetic fibers and sensory fibers. Only parasympathetic fibers form synapses in the ganglion. The other two types of nerve fibers simply pass through
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[mohammad qasaimeh]

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Paresthesia


Paresthesia: An abnormal sensation of the skin, such as numbness, tingling, pricking, burning, or creeping on the skin that has no objective cause. Paresthesia is the usual American spelling and paraesthesia the preferred English spelling. Pronounced par�es�the�sia. From the Greek para- (abnormal) + esthesis (feeling) = an abnormal feeling
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[mohammad qasaimeh]

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Brachial plexus


Brachial plexus: A network of spinal nerves that originates in the back of the neck, extends through the axilla (armpit), and gives rise to nerves to the upper limb. The brachial plexus is formed by the union of portions of the fifth through eighth cervical nerves and the first thoracic nerve, all of which come from the spinal cord.
Injuries to the brachial plexus affect the nerves supplying the shoulder, upper arm, forearm and hand, causing numbness, tingling, pain, weakness, limited movement, or even paralysis of the upper limb. Although injuries can occur at any time, many brachial plexus injuries happen during birth. The baby's shoulders may become impacted during the birth process, causing the brachial plexus nerves to stretch or tear.
There are four types of brachial plexus injuries:

1. Avulsion, the most severe type, in which the nerve is torn from the spine;
2. Rupture, in which the nerve is torn but not at the spinal attachment;
3. Neuroma, in which the nerve has tried to heal itself but scar tissue has grown around the injury, putting pressure on the injured nerve and preventing the nerve from conducting signals to the muscles; and
4. Neurapraxia or stretch, in which the nerve has been damaged but not torn. Neurapraxia is the most common type of brachial plexus injury.

Treatment depends on the site and type of injury to the brachial plexus and may includes occupational and physical therapy and, in some cases, surgery. Certain brachial plexus injuries heal on their own. Children may improve or recover by 3 to 4 months of age. The prognosis similarly depends on the site and type of brachial plexus injury determine the prognosis. For avulsion and rupture injuries there is no potential for recovery unless surgical reconnection is made in a timely manner. For neuroma and neurapraxia injuries the potential for recovery varies. Most patients with neurapraxia injuries recover spontaneously with a 90-100% return of function.



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[tariq hassan]

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